Supplementary Information

The health-relevant architecture of the everyday light exposome

The manuscript places these figures and tables in context. The analysis pages show how each display is produced.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary Methods: Preregistration deviations is supplied as a separate Word document (preregistration-deviations.docx). It describes all departures from the registered plan and the associated qualifications.

Download Supplementary Methods: Preregistration deviations, or read the deviations online.

Near-eye and complementary chest measurements remain separate sensor-position estimands. Common-sample analyses use the same participants and participant-days at both positions and fit the positions separately. They do not pool positions, test equivalence, or establish a universal correction. Detailed model checks, sensitivities, exact formulas, and package versions are documented in the analysis pages. The project repository provides the data, code and reproduction instructions.

Supplementary figures

Supplementary Figure S1. Near-eye metric distributions

Supplementary Figure S1. Detailed near-eye metric distributions by country-coded study site.

Supplementary Figure S2. Worked metric derivation

Supplementary Figure S2. Examples linking 30-minute time series to the daily time-above-250-lx metric.

Supplementary Figure S3. Latitude and civil-photoperiod measurement range

Supplementary Figure S3. Observed civil photoperiod and theoretical bounds by absolute latitude.

Supplementary Figure S4. Site-average recommendation adherence

Supplementary Figure S4. Site-average recommendation adherence on work and free days. Daytime, Pre-sleep and Sleep identify the Brown et al. recommendation windows. Each point gives equal weight to nine sites; bars are 95% confidence intervals. The wake-start date labels the preceding sleep, daytime and following pre-sleep windows. Sleep describes the device-recorded bedside environment, not ocular exposure or a whole-bedroom measurement. The pre-sleep contrast remains positive but its interval includes zero under the 80% coverage restriction; temporal dependence remains unresolved. The coverage sensitivity is reported in the Results and Methods.

Supplementary Figure S5. Site-specific adherence and day-type differences

Supplementary Figure S5A. Site-specific work-day recommendation adherence. Filled diamonds identify site-minus-average comparisons retained after FDR adjustment; bars are 95% confidence intervals. The full explanation accompanies part B.

Supplementary Figure S5. Site-specific recommendation adherence, shown as two separate images. A, Work-day adherence, with filled diamonds identifying site-minus-average differences that met their FDR criterion. B, Free-minus-work differences, with filled diamonds identifying differences from zero and asterisks identifying departures from the window-specific equal-site difference in a separate 27-comparison FDR family. Daytime, Pre-sleep and Sleep identify the Brown et al. recommendation windows. Points are estimates and bars are 95% confidence intervals. Each equal-site reference includes the indexed site. Sites are components of one pooled observational model, not independent replications or causal effects of location. Day type follows the wake-start date; sleep is the preceding bedside sleep-environment window. Temporal dependence remains unresolved, and the pre-sleep coverage qualification applies.

Supplementary Figure S6. Anonymous participant recommendation-adherence profiles

Supplementary Figure S6. Participant-average recommendation adherence across the Brown et al. recommendation windows. Daytime, Pre-sleep, and Sleep are the window labels. Each colored point is one anonymous participant’s equal-cycle mean within that window. Faint lines connect the same anonymous participant across the three window summaries; they are not time trajectories or ranks. Half-violin shapes show the window distributions, and dark bars with white points show interquartile ranges and medians. Because each window has its own Brown et al. threshold and direction, absolute percentages should be interpreted within window.

Supplementary Figure S7. Geographic and civil-photoperiod support

Supplementary Figure S7. Geographic and civil-photoperiod associations across near-eye personal light-exposure metrics. Evidence retained after FDR adjustment for overall site, civil photoperiod, latitude, and site-versus-linear-latitude adequacy. These descriptive associations do not identify a mechanism.

Supplementary Figure S8. Nonlinear civil-photoperiod associations and fitted slopes

Supplementary Figure S8. Nonlinear civil-photoperiod associations and their fitted slopes. A qualifying transition denotes an increase followed by a sustained near-flat tail under the specified slope rule. These descriptive associations do not identify a mechanism, and no physiological or environmental ceiling was identified.

Supplementary Figure S9. Light-source category and local-clock pattern of near-eye melanopic EDI

Supplementary Figure S9. Near-eye light exposure by reported light source across time of day and study site. A–C, Exploratory time-of-day analysis. Panel A shows expected one-hour melanopic EDI with clock-specific 95% confidence intervals; the dashed line is the site-average local-clock smooth. Panel B shows each light-source curve relative to that smooth, with 1 as the reference. Panel C shows available participant-hours; open circles indicate locally sparse support and grey gaps indicate no observations. D, Site-average category estimates and site-specific deviation ratios from the light-source-by-site interaction model, with participant-cluster-robust 95% confidence intervals, FDR-adjusted p values, and exact support. The analysis includes 17,935 participant-hours from 140 participants, covering 801 participant-days and nine sites. Panels A–C and panel D answer different questions and are not numerically interchangeable. Estimates are observational. During reported sleep, measurements describe the bedside sleep environment.

Supplementary Figure S10. Paired sensor-position hourly associations

Supplementary Figure S10. Near-eye and complementary chest associations estimated separately for the same participants and participant-days. The sets of supported participant-hours differ between sensor positions, so the display is not an observation-level identity comparison and does not test equivalence.

Supplementary Figure S11. Free-versus-Work hourly timing

Supplementary Figure S11. Exploratory Free-versus-Work hourly fitted exposure and response-scale ratio curves with 95% confidence intervals and participant-hour support.

Supplementary Figure S12. Active-versus-Sedentary hourly timing

Supplementary Figure S12. Exploratory Active-versus-Sedentary hourly fitted exposure and response-scale ratio curves with 95% confidence intervals and participant-hour support.

Supplementary Figure S13. Site-specific hourly routine associations

Three aligned site-specific forest-plot panels show Free versus Work day, Active versus Sedentary daily activity status, and previous-sleep ratios with 95% confidence intervals across nine country-coded study sites. Filled points mark associations retained after a separate nine-site FDR adjustment within each predictor, and dashed lines mark site-average estimates. — **Supplementary Figure S13.** Site-specific estimates from the predictor-by-site interaction model. Filled and hollow points distinguish associations that did and did not meet the 0.050 criterion after a separate nine-site FDR adjustment within each predictor. The 95% confidence intervals are unadjusted; dashed lines show site-average estimates calculated with equal weight for each of the nine sites. Sites are components of one pooled model, not independent replications or causal effects of location.

Supplementary Figure S14. Light-exposure behaviour and awareness

Near-eye associations across Light Exposure Behaviour Assessment factors and personal light-exposure metrics. — **Supplementary Figure S14.** Near-eye associations per one participant-level standard deviation of each Light Exposure Behaviour Assessment factor. None of the 68 tests retained FDR-adjusted support. Four sleep-environment cells were unfit for inference and are labelled Unfit with estimates suppressed. Lack of adjusted support is inconclusive rather than proof of no association.

Supplementary Figure S15. Visual light sensitivity

Near-eye site-average associations between VLSQ-8 and nine light-exposure metrics. — **Supplementary Figure S15.** Near-eye site-average associations between the Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire-8 and nine personal light-exposure metrics. Associations compare scores separated by one participant-level standard deviation. Horizontal bars are 95% Wald confidence intervals. None of the nine associations retained FDR-adjusted support.

Supplementary Figure S16. Adjusted chronotype associations

Study-site-adjusted chronotype associations with the analysed timing metrics, with estimates and confidence intervals. — **Supplementary Figure S16.** Chronotype and timing of personal light exposure. Study-site-adjusted associations of sleep-timing-based corrected midsleep on Free days and questionnaire-based morningness-eveningness with the analysed timing metrics. Points are estimates and bars are 95% confidence intervals; the two chronotype instruments remain separate. Near-eye estimates provide ocular-exposure evidence; chest estimates, where shown, are complementary non-ocular evidence.

Supplementary Figure S17. Observed timing across chronotype and study sites

Observed timing across chronotype and study sites. Observed participant-day timing values across chronotype and country-coded study sites in the corresponding model samples, arranged by timing metric. — **Supplementary Figure S17.** Observed timing across chronotype and study sites. Observed participant-day timing values across chronotype and country-coded study sites for the samples used in the corresponding models. Each point represents one participant-day in a fitted sample. This figure is descriptive and does not replace the adjusted models or estimate independent site effects. Near-eye estimates provide ocular-exposure evidence; chest estimates, where shown, are complementary non-ocular evidence.

Supplementary Figure S18. Age and biological sex

Three-panel figure with uppercase left-side panel tags showing age distributions, FDR-retained associations, and descriptive site-specific age-by-site estimates. — **Supplementary Figure S18.** Participant age distributions, the 11 main associations retained after FDR adjustment, and descriptive site-specific estimates for two retained age-by-site interactions in the complementary chest analysis. The site-specific interaction estimates are descriptive model contrasts, not independent site tests. Biological sex, coded Female or Male, was analysed; gender was recorded separately and was not analysed.

Supplementary Figure S19. Biological-sex-specific daily curves

Supplementary Figure S19. Near-eye biological-sex-specific fitted melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance curves and Female-to-Male shifted-value ratio. Ribbons and contrast intervals are participant-cluster-robust 95% confidence intervals at the displayed clock times. Grey shading gives site-average civil-night context with each site weighted equally and is not a model covariate. Biological sex, coded Female or Male, was analysed; gender was recorded separately and was not analysed.

Supplementary tables

Supplementary Table S1. Descriptive sample flow

	Participants	Participant-days	One-minute real observations
participant roster
Available normalized participant metadata	191	Not applicable	Not applicable
near_eye
At least 80% complete before all-zero screen	Not applicable	818	Not applicable
Exact all-zero days excluded	Not applicable	2	Not applicable
Main dataset after all-zero screen	141	816	1,175,160
chest
At least 80% complete before all-zero screen	Not applicable	905	Not applicable
Exact all-zero days excluded	Not applicable	3	Not applicable
Main dataset after all-zero screen	154	902	1,298,880
paired
Paired main subset	112	643	Not applicable

Supplementary Table S1. Participant, participant-day, and one-minute observation counts across the roster, sensor-specific completeness and all-zero screens, final descriptive datasets, and paired main subset. Each row names its denominator explicitly. An excluded participant-day is not necessarily an excluded participant.

Supplementary Table S2. Full near-eye metric dictionary and distributions

Metric¹	Unit	Overall	Borås (SE)	Delft (NL)	Dortmund (DE)	Tübingen (DE)	Munich (DE)	Madrid (ES)	Izmir (TR)	San José (CR)	Kumasi (GH)	Scaling²	Distribution³
Metric descriptive summary (near eye)
Duration
Time above 1,000 lx melEDI Bright-light exposure duration; relevant to daytime alerting and circadian entrainment.	HH:MM	00:41 (00:11, 01:34) 01:10 ± 01:28 N=141; d=816	01:18 (00:31, 03:24) 02:00 ± 01:54 N=13; d=78	01:18 (00:29, 02:12) 01:33 ± 01:28 N=13; d=78	01:03 (00:20, 02:32) 01:48 ± 02:14 N=18; d=107	00:40 (00:07, 01:25) 01:06 ± 01:22 N=26; d=150	00:39 (00:10, 01:46) 01:09 ± 01:18 N=10; d=60	00:27 (00:06, 00:53) 00:38 ± 00:47 N=23; d=129	00:30 (00:06, 01:04) 00:44 ± 00:51 N=17; d=101	00:19 (00:09, 00:43) 00:32 ± 00:33 N=6; d=32	00:43 (00:17, 01:14) 00:58 ± 00:57 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Time above 1,000 lx melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake Waking time in recommended daytime light; relevant to alertness, entrainment, and subsequent sleep.	HH:MM	02:25 (00:51, 04:37) 03:00 ± 02:29 N=141; d=737	04:06 (02:30, 06:15) 04:21 ± 02:24 N=13; d=73	03:29 (02:03, 05:16) 03:39 ± 02:25 N=13; d=64	03:42 (02:05, 05:58) 04:05 ± 02:51 N=18; d=90	02:01 (00:47, 04:20) 02:52 ± 02:39 N=26; d=141	02:38 (00:55, 04:19) 02:57 ± 02:19 N=10; d=54	02:43 (00:54, 04:43) 03:02 ± 02:19 N=23; d=113	01:30 (00:41, 03:26) 02:09 ± 01:57 N=17; d=94	01:39 (00:32, 02:40) 01:48 ± 01:21 N=6; d=30	01:14 (00:25, 02:37) 01:45 ± 01:46 N=15; d=78	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep Low-light time before bed; limits evening melatonin suppression and circadian delay.	HH:MM	01:53 (01:02, 02:35) 01:51 ± 01:02 N=139; d=655	02:16 (01:30, 02:39) 02:05 ± 00:53 N=13; d=67	01:50 (01:21, 02:52) 01:59 ± 00:57 N=12; d=50	01:42 (00:53, 02:17) 01:41 ± 00:58 N=18; d=84	01:52 (01:04, 02:25) 01:52 ± 01:06 N=26; d=132	01:43 (00:42, 02:32) 01:45 ± 01:10 N=10; d=52	01:43 (00:58, 02:50) 01:50 ± 01:05 N=23; d=105	01:31 (00:48, 02:15) 01:38 ± 01:00 N=17; d=82	02:16 (01:15, 02:39) 01:56 ± 01:00 N=6; d=25	02:30 (01:28, 02:52) 02:09 ± 00:57 N=14; d=58	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep Darkness during sleep; supports nocturnal melatonin and an undisturbed sleep environment.	HH:MM	07:08 (05:58, 08:15) 07:04 ± 01:57 N=141; d=778	07:08 (06:03, 08:18) 07:12 ± 01:46 N=13; d=76	07:14 (05:56, 08:06) 07:01 ± 01:50 N=13; d=68	07:08 (05:56, 08:16) 07:05 ± 01:50 N=18; d=95	06:54 (05:52, 07:46) 06:47 ± 01:30 N=26; d=150	05:52 (04:41, 07:03) 05:58 ± 01:58 N=10; d=60	08:06 (07:10, 09:10) 08:02 ± 01:57 N=23; d=118	06:45 (05:08, 08:15) 06:40 ± 02:07 N=17; d=99	06:56 (06:06, 07:36) 06:39 ± 01:43 N=6; d=31	07:31 (06:31, 09:00) 07:35 ± 02:15 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Longest period above 250 lx melEDI Longest sustained bright-light bout; captures continuity of daytime circadian stimulation.	HH:MM	00:38 (00:17, 01:12) 00:55 ± 01:00 N=141; d=816	00:56 (00:28, 01:27) 01:12 ± 01:02 N=13; d=78	00:48 (00:23, 01:20) 01:09 ± 01:15 N=13; d=78	01:00 (00:21, 01:40) 01:20 ± 01:31 N=18; d=107	00:35 (00:13, 01:06) 00:50 ± 00:54 N=26; d=150	00:38 (00:18, 01:32) 01:01 ± 01:02 N=10; d=60	00:38 (00:16, 01:04) 00:45 ± 00:36 N=23; d=129	00:34 (00:14, 00:55) 00:43 ± 00:41 N=17; d=101	00:28 (00:16, 00:43) 00:30 ± 00:20 N=6; d=32	00:23 (00:15, 00:49) 00:38 ± 00:45 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Longest period above 250 lx melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Dynamics
Interdaily stability Day-to-day regularity of the light–dark pattern; higher regularity supports circadian stability.	dimensionless	0.308 (0.248, 0.38) 0.318 ± 0.095 N=141; d=816	0.311 (0.272, 0.367) 0.315 ± 0.078 N=13; d=78	0.258 (0.239, 0.389) 0.288 ± 0.094 N=13; d=78	0.264 (0.219, 0.319) 0.274 ± 0.074 N=18; d=107	0.329 (0.263, 0.424) 0.344 ± 0.107 N=26; d=150	0.244 (0.218, 0.277) 0.252 ± 0.058 N=10; d=60	0.352 (0.321, 0.455) 0.368 ± 0.092 N=23; d=129	0.278 (0.254, 0.394) 0.323 ± 0.104 N=17; d=101	0.342 (0.315, 0.473) 0.37 ± 0.118 N=6; d=32	0.293 (0.255, 0.354) 0.299 ± 0.062 N=15; d=81	Identity	Interdaily stability distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Intradaily variability Within-day fragmentation of light exposure; higher values indicate less consolidated light–dark input.	dimensionless	1.253 (0.93, 1.502) 1.229 ± 0.389 N=141; d=816	0.997 (0.818, 1.388) 1.088 ± 0.343 N=13; d=78	1.193 (0.96, 1.389) 1.238 ± 0.345 N=13; d=78	1.182 (0.928, 1.49) 1.177 ± 0.407 N=18; d=107	1.154 (0.801, 1.442) 1.125 ± 0.354 N=26; d=150	1.48 (0.869, 1.642) 1.332 ± 0.477 N=10; d=60	1.251 (0.999, 1.497) 1.251 ± 0.413 N=23; d=129	1.359 (0.95, 1.546) 1.307 ± 0.415 N=17; d=101	1.399 (1.282, 1.483) 1.355 ± 0.256 N=6; d=32	1.324 (1.029, 1.595) 1.344 ± 0.413 N=15; d=81	Identity	Intradaily variability distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Exposure history
melEDI dose Intensity–duration-weighted melanopic exposure; summarizes cumulative non-visual retinal light input.	klx·h	4.96 (1.936, 12.313) 10.358 ± 16.216 N=141; d=761	9.296 (3.892, 21.895) 19.923 ± 27.784 N=13; d=71	10.495 (3.855, 17.395) 15.881 ± 20.395 N=13; d=74	6.751 (2.469, 14.435) 13.809 ± 23.711 N=18; d=97	3.862 (1.411, 10.217) 7.719 ± 9.847 N=26; d=137	7.11 (1.897, 15.789) 10.055 ± 11.237 N=10; d=55	3.317 (1.703, 6.29) 6.115 ± 8.79 N=23; d=125	4.35 (1.791, 10.625) 7.49 ± 8.898 N=17; d=96	2.195 (1.339, 4.117) 3.281 ± 2.573 N=6; d=30	6.045 (2.49, 14.907) 10.016 ± 10.799 N=15; d=76	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	melEDI dose distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Level
Mean melEDI Geometric average of daily melEDI values, including zeros; summarizes overall exposure while reducing peak influence.	lx	5.154 (2.831, 9.225) 7.587 ± 9.496 N=141; d=816	7.569 (4.55, 11.613) 9.171 ± 7.111 N=13; d=78	6.659 (4.18, 11.674) 8.274 ± 6.558 N=13; d=78	7.704 (3.081, 13.924) 12.017 ± 18.865 N=18; d=107	5.232 (3.224, 8.188) 7.221 ± 6.33 N=26; d=150	9.013 (4.011, 15.089) 12.102 ± 12.013 N=10; d=60	3.505 (1.469, 6.211) 4.166 ± 3.272 N=23; d=129	5.857 (3.726, 7.986) 7.778 ± 6.946 N=17; d=101	4.325 (3.585, 6.77) 5.248 ± 2.85 N=6; d=32	2.144 (0.744, 4.042) 3.019 ± 2.896 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Mean melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Brightest 10 h mean Mean of the brightest 10 hours; reflects the strength of the main daytime light episode.	lx	110.566 (41.513, 243.212) 214.866 ± 508.56 N=141; d=816	252.689 (104.514, 461.953) 399.302 ± 518.102 N=13; d=78	175.974 (78.625, 299.106) 262.206 ± 329.201 N=13; d=78	156.184 (67.783, 339.731) 422.54 ± 1,209.616 N=18; d=107	100.057 (33.255, 209.904) 179.372 ± 241.53 N=26; d=150	130.78 (54.044, 259.726) 201.947 ± 194.042 N=10; d=60	101.102 (24.355, 218.457) 136.312 ± 134.07 N=23; d=129	83.24 (53.17, 151.786) 120.172 ± 101.545 N=17; d=101	68.143 (45.331, 132.458) 96.735 ± 72.311 N=6; d=32	46.66 (9.242, 103.175) 82.489 ± 115.07 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Brightest 10 h mean distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Darkest 10 h mean Mean of the darkest 10 hours; lower values during the biological night favour melatonin preservation and sleep.	lx	0.103 (0.02, 0.253) 0.243 ± 0.513 N=141; d=816	0.08 (0.016, 0.191) 0.183 ± 0.299 N=13; d=78	0.1 (0.035, 0.23) 0.2 ± 0.332 N=13; d=78	0.14 (0.036, 0.282) 0.223 ± 0.299 N=18; d=107	0.149 (0.074, 0.309) 0.273 ± 0.465 N=26; d=150	0.325 (0.119, 0.71) 0.515 ± 0.653 N=10; d=60	0.022 (0, 0.08) 0.054 ± 0.075 N=23; d=129	0.152 (0.052, 0.481) 0.475 ± 0.882 N=17; d=101	0.133 (0.055, 0.309) 0.411 ± 1.044 N=6; d=32	0.01 (0, 0.092) 0.059 ± 0.104 N=15; d=81	Symlog (base 10; threshold 1)	Darkest 10 h mean distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Spectrum
Melanopic daylight efficacy ratio Mean of viable one-minute melEDI/illuminance ratios; indicates melanopic efficacy relative to visual light.	dimensionless	0.724 (0.643, 0.795) 0.724 ± 0.116 N=137; d=687	0.788 (0.725, 0.872) 0.796 ± 0.162 N=13; d=74	0.743 (0.699, 0.796) 0.743 ± 0.077 N=13; d=65	0.781 (0.675, 0.853) 0.768 ± 0.118 N=18; d=97	0.65 (0.592, 0.728) 0.667 ± 0.098 N=26; d=144	0.724 (0.652, 0.773) 0.72 ± 0.093 N=10; d=55	0.668 (0.629, 0.721) 0.673 ± 0.07 N=22; d=83	0.747 (0.634, 0.834) 0.735 ± 0.122 N=17; d=91	0.719 (0.661, 0.761) 0.706 ± 0.067 N=6; d=30	0.755 (0.729, 0.82) 0.758 ± 0.097 N=12; d=48	Identity	Melanopic daylight efficacy ratio distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Timing
Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours Centre time of the brightest 10 hours; indexes the main daily circadian light cue.	HH:MM clock time	13:44 (12:48, 15:00) 13:56 ± 01:51 N=141; d=816	13:16 (12:28, 14:10) 13:20 ± 01:33 N=13; d=78	14:12 (13:23, 15:18) 14:22 ± 01:51 N=13; d=78	13:52 (12:54, 15:04) 14:00 ± 01:42 N=18; d=107	13:38 (12:47, 14:44) 13:52 ± 01:42 N=26; d=150	14:54 (12:50, 16:03) 14:31 ± 02:14 N=10; d=60	13:44 (13:06, 15:20) 14:10 ± 01:51 N=23; d=129	14:10 (13:32, 15:21) 14:25 ± 01:37 N=17; d=101	12:34 (11:49, 14:02) 12:55 ± 01:44 N=6; d=32	12:49 (12:06, 13:39) 13:03 ± 01:58 N=15; d=81	Circular clock	Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours Centre time of the darkest 10 hours; indexes the main daily darkness cue.	HH:MM clock time	02:54 (02:01, 03:50) 02:58 ± 01:41 N=141; d=816	02:02 (01:24, 02:48) 02:03 ± 01:07 N=13; d=78	02:55 (02:01, 03:28) 02:50 ± 02:05 N=13; d=78	02:32 (01:45, 03:22) 02:37 ± 01:19 N=18; d=107	03:08 (02:11, 04:10) 03:16 ± 01:34 N=26; d=150	02:37 (01:54, 04:17) 03:10 ± 02:00 N=10; d=60	03:39 (02:43, 04:34) 03:34 ± 01:49 N=23; d=129	03:31 (02:33, 04:14) 03:26 ± 01:25 N=17; d=101	01:45 (01:05, 03:01) 02:10 ± 01:27 N=6; d=32	02:33 (02:04, 03:17) 02:36 ± 01:36 N=15; d=81	Circular clock	Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
First light timing above 250 lx melEDI First waking bright-light exposure; morning timing can advance circadian phase and promote alertness.	HH:MM clock time	09:08 (08:02, 10:40) 09:26 ± 02:22 N=140; d=727	07:57 (06:56, 08:33) 08:03 ± 01:32 N=13; d=74	09:04 (08:18, 09:52) 09:17 ± 01:56 N=13; d=68	08:36 (07:10, 10:13) 08:45 ± 02:21 N=18; d=93	09:43 (08:13, 10:53) 09:45 ± 02:21 N=25; d=133	09:36 (07:58, 10:53) 09:39 ± 03:12 N=10; d=56	09:32 (08:40, 11:21) 10:05 ± 02:18 N=23; d=118	10:01 (09:06, 11:52) 10:26 ± 02:28 N=17; d=95	08:11 (07:26, 09:57) 08:36 ± 01:30 N=6; d=29	08:43 (08:01, 10:10) 09:19 ± 01:52 N=15; d=61	Circular clock	First light timing above 250 lx melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI Last bright-light exposure; later timing may delay circadian phase and sleep onset.	HH:MM clock time	18:08 (16:27, 19:42) 18:03 ± 02:36 N=141; d=687	18:41 (17:38, 19:38) 18:39 ± 01:38 N=13; d=73	18:30 (17:37, 19:59) 18:37 ± 02:08 N=13; d=62	19:34 (18:04, 20:42) 19:16 ± 02:28 N=18; d=89	17:37 (15:35, 19:09) 17:18 ± 02:44 N=26; d=121	19:50 (18:37, 20:50) 19:33 ± 02:11 N=10; d=53	17:48 (16:46, 19:19) 18:01 ± 02:21 N=23; d=106	18:45 (17:02, 19:38) 18:23 ± 02:15 N=17; d=89	15:45 (13:20, 16:38) 15:22 ± 02:38 N=6; d=28	15:54 (14:34, 17:25) 15:46 ± 02:13 N=15; d=66	Circular clock	Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Mean timing of exposure above 250 lx melEDI Average bright-light timing; summarizes the phase of daily circadian stimulation.	HH:MM clock time	13:29 (12:29, 14:39) 13:31 ± 01:52 N=141; d=742	13:20 (12:29, 14:24) 13:21 ± 01:25 N=13; d=72	13:52 (13:13, 15:06) 14:02 ± 01:41 N=13; d=71	13:44 (12:28, 14:55) 13:51 ± 01:56 N=18; d=93	13:17 (12:17, 14:31) 13:24 ± 01:45 N=26; d=138	14:04 (12:58, 15:25) 14:09 ± 02:22 N=10; d=55	13:43 (12:55, 14:29) 13:47 ± 01:33 N=23; d=117	13:58 (12:54, 14:58) 14:04 ± 01:39 N=17; d=94	11:30 (10:28, 12:38) 11:26 ± 01:36 N=6; d=31	12:17 (11:04, 13:04) 12:11 ± 01:36 N=15; d=71	Circular clock	Mean timing of exposure above 250 lx melEDI distribution by site. Exact numerical summaries are in the adjacent cells.
Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), circular or arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, N=participants; d=participant-days with a finite value for that metric.
¹ The brief meaning and relevance notes describe established physiological constructs; this descriptive table does not estimate individual health effects.
² Scaling describes the distribution column only; printed values remain on their stated scale. Symlog uses base 10 with a linear region through 1 in the stated unit; Identity is linear; Circular clock unwraps values around the metric-specific clock centre.
³ Red lines indicate site medians. Symlog and circular-clock rows are transformed only for plotting.

Supplementary Table S2. Definitions, exact support, median (interquartile range) summaries, and density displays for the 17 near-eye personal light-exposure metrics overall and by site. Values use three decimal places where applicable. Metrics are distinct summaries and should not be interpreted as interchangeable outcomes.

Supplementary Table S3. Descriptive recommendation-range fractions

Site¹	Minutes in the recommended range:²				Share of all eligible real minutes:³
Site¹	Daytime	Pre-sleep	Sleep⁴	Total⁵	Wake	Pre-sleep	Sleep	Unclassified⁶
Overall	24.0% 137,792 / 573,712	63.3% 81,894 / 129,390	87.7% 336,052 / 383,366	51.2% 555,738 / 1,086,468	51.6% 606,215 / 1,175,160	11.9% 140,152 / 1,175,160	32.6% 383,607 / 1,175,160	3.8% 45,186 / 1,175,160

Borås (SE)	33.2% 19,225 / 57,952	69.9% 8,914 / 12,759	93.4% 33,152 / 35,489	57.7% 61,291 / 106,200	54.0% 60,642 / 112,260	12.2% 13,704 / 112,260	31.7% 35,549 / 112,260	2.1% 2,365 / 112,260
Delft (NL)	29.6% 14,760 / 49,852	66.7% 7,181 / 10,774	86.4% 29,915 / 34,621	54.4% 51,856 / 95,247	47.0% 52,755 / 112,260	10.9% 12,283 / 112,260	30.9% 34,682 / 112,260	11.2% 12,540 / 112,260
Dortmund (DE)	32.4% 22,631 / 69,900	59.6% 9,749 / 16,361	87.5% 42,829 / 48,928	55.6% 75,209 / 135,189	48.1% 74,094 / 154,080	11.3% 17,409 / 154,080	31.8% 48,928 / 154,080	8.9% 13,649 / 154,080
Tübingen (DE)	22.5% 25,082 / 111,396	61.8% 15,623 / 25,283	87.1% 61,030 / 70,029	49.2% 101,735 / 206,708	55.1% 119,150 / 216,120	12.4% 26,881 / 216,120	32.4% 70,089 / 216,120	0.0% 0 / 216,120
Munich (DE)	25.0% 10,681 / 42,685	60.6% 5,963 / 9,833	71.7% 21,485 / 29,951	46.2% 38,129 / 82,469	53.0% 45,831 / 86,400	12.3% 10,618 / 86,400	34.7% 29,951 / 86,400	0.0% 0 / 86,400
Madrid (ES)	24.2% 21,067 / 87,030	62.7% 12,766 / 20,366	95.9% 58,374 / 60,891	54.8% 92,207 / 168,287	48.4% 89,948 / 185,880	11.7% 21,684 / 185,880	32.8% 60,891 / 185,880	7.2% 13,357 / 185,880
Izmir (TR)	17.8% 12,708 / 71,562	55.1% 9,221 / 16,736	79.0% 39,936 / 50,556	44.6% 61,865 / 138,854	51.5% 74,926 / 145,440	12.3% 17,883 / 145,440	34.8% 50,556 / 145,440	1.4% 2,075 / 145,440
San José (CR)	13.8% 3,266 / 23,640	64.6% 3,124 / 4,839	87.1% 12,438 / 14,275	44.0% 18,828 / 42,754	54.9% 25,285 / 46,080	11.5% 5,320 / 46,080	31.0% 14,275 / 46,080	2.6% 1,200 / 46,080
Kumasi (GH)	14.0% 8,372 / 59,695	75.2% 9,353 / 12,439	95.5% 36,893 / 38,626	49.3% 54,618 / 110,760	54.5% 63,584 / 116,640	12.3% 14,370 / 116,640	33.2% 38,686 / 116,640	0.0% 0 / 116,640
¹ Near eye participant and participant-day sample sizes are reported in the participant table; every percentage cell gives its exact minute denominator.
² Recommended ranges follow Brown et al. (2022): Daytime ≥250 lx melanopic EDI, Pre-sleep ≤10 lx melanopic EDI, and Sleep ≤1 lx melanopic EDI. Daytime, Pre-sleep, and Sleep identify the recommendation windows. Each grey numerator/denominator gives minutes within the applicable recommendation range over all valid one-minute observations in that window. Sleep describes the bedside sleep environment.
³ Each grey numerator/denominator gives minutes in the displayed diary state over all eligible real minutes before classification by diary state or measurement availability.
⁴ During diary-defined sleep the bedside sensor describes the sleep environment rather than direct ocular exposure.
⁵ Total pools all classified valid minutes.
⁶ Unclassified time can result from missing diary state, missing or removed melEDI measurements, or both.

Supplementary Table S3. Fractions of valid near-eye minutes meeting each Brown et al. recommendation range, with explicit numerators and denominators. Daytime, Pre-sleep, and Sleep identify the recommendation windows. The Sleep summaries use near-eye illuminance recorded during sleep and describe the bedside sleep environment rather than verified ocular exposure. These pooled-minute summaries are descriptive and differ from the modelled recommendation-window-period estimates in main Table 2.

Supplementary Table S4. Exploratory cross-window recommendation-adherence associations

Window	Difference, percentage points (95% CI)	FDR-adjusted p
Within participant
Sleep	-0.26 (-0.95 to 0.43)	0.453
Pre-sleep	-1.09 (-2.75 to 0.56)	0.258
Between participants
Sleep	-2.52 (-3.55 to -1.48)	<0.001
Pre-sleep	-3.59 (-5.94 to -1.25)	0.005
Contrasts are per 10 percentage points higher daytime adherence. Within-participant contrasts concern deviations from each participant's monitoring-period average; between-participant contrasts concern those averages. The four associations form one FDR family. Unresolved temporal dependence precludes a within-participant day-level claim.

Supplementary Table S4. Exploratory within-participant and between-participant associations across Brown et al. recommendation windows. Results are percentage-point differences per 10 percentage points higher Daytime adherence. The four tests form one FDR family. The within-participant day-level claim is withheld because serial dependence remains unresolved. Between-participant results describe observed monitoring-period averages and do not establish rankings, stable traits, or causal effects.

Supplementary Table S5. Near-eye fitted-curve dispersion and full-model R² allocation

	Fitted-curve result (95% CI)	Shapley allocation (95% CI)	Share of full-model R² (95% CI)
Shared local-clock curve	Not applicable	0.611 (0.550 to 0.657)	78.9 (73.6 to 82.6)%
Site pattern	0.100 (0.041 to 0.139)	0.016 (0.007 to 0.026)	2.0 (0.9 to 3.5)%
Participant pattern	0.180 (0.126 to 0.214)	0.100 (0.079 to 0.125)	12.9 (10.1 to 16.4)%
Participant-day shift	0.019 (0.010 to 0.024)	0.048 (0.035 to 0.064)	6.2 (4.4 to 8.6)%
Participant pattern + day shift	0.200 (0.140 to 0.230)	Not separately allocated	Not applicable
Participant / site	1.797 (1.157 to 4.332)	6.41 (3.85 to 15.14)	Not applicable
(Participant + day) / site	1.991 (1.291 to 4.767)	9.49 (5.77 to 21.81)	90.5 (85.2 to 95.6)%
Fitted-curve variation is in squared log10(melanopic EDI + 0.1 lx) prediction units; ratios are unitless. The shared local-clock curve remains the baseline in every component model. Intervals are conditional hierarchical cluster-bootstrap percentiles from 2,000 replicates. In the final row, the percentage is the participant-plus-day share of heterogeneity, excluding the shared local-clock contribution. Dispersion and R² allocation are distinct estimands.

Supplementary Table S5. Near-eye fitted-curve dispersion and Shapley allocation of full-model in-sample R². Fitted-curve variation is in squared log10(melanopic EDI + 0.1 lx) prediction units; dispersion and R²-share ratios are unitless. The allocation includes the shared local-clock curve in every component model as the baseline. Intervals are 95% hierarchical cluster-bootstrap percentile intervals from 2,000 replicates and are conditional on the fitted models. Dispersion and R² allocation describe different estimands and should not be added or interpreted causally.

Supplementary Table S6. Chest fitted-curve dispersion and full-model R² allocation

	Fitted-curve result (95% CI)	Shapley allocation (95% CI)	Share of full-model R² (95% CI)
Shared local-clock curve	Not applicable	0.583 (0.523 to 0.629)	79.1 (73.6 to 82.8)%
Site pattern	0.101 (0.049 to 0.116)	0.015 (0.008 to 0.024)	2.1 (1.1 to 3.3)%
Participant pattern	0.148 (0.100 to 0.199)	0.087 (0.071 to 0.110)	11.9 (9.5 to 15.3)%
Participant-day shift	0.035 (0.020 to 0.039)	0.051 (0.040 to 0.067)	7.0 (5.3 to 9.4)%
Participant pattern + day shift	0.183 (0.127 to 0.228)	Not separately allocated	Not applicable
Participant / site	1.465 (0.973 to 3.179)	5.69 (3.72 to 10.68)	Not applicable
(Participant + day) / site	1.809 (1.219 to 3.736)	9.02 (6.01 to 17.03)	90.0 (85.7 to 94.5)%
Fitted-curve variation is in squared log10(melanopic EDI + 0.1 lx) prediction units; ratios are unitless. The shared local-clock curve remains the baseline in every component model. Intervals are conditional hierarchical cluster-bootstrap percentiles from 2,000 replicates. In the final row, the percentage is the participant-plus-day share of heterogeneity, excluding the shared local-clock contribution. Dispersion and R² allocation are distinct estimands.

Supplementary Table S6. Complementary chest fitted-curve dispersion and Shapley allocation of full-model in-sample R². The quantities, bootstrap intervals and interpretation follow Supplementary Table S5; chest and near-eye measurements remain distinct sensor-position estimands.

Supplementary Table S7. Geographic and photoperiod associations

	Overall site FDR-adjusted p	Photoperiod		Latitude		Site-versus-latitude FDR-adjusted p	Exact fitted sample
	Overall site FDR-adjusted p	Photoperiod association (95% CI)	Photoperiod FDR-adjusted p	Latitude association per 10° (95% CI)	Latitude FDR-adjusted p	Site-versus-latitude FDR-adjusted p	Exact fitted sample
Dynamics
Interdaily stability	0.228	×0.98 [0.94–1.02]	0.401	×1.01 [0.96–1.06]	0.903	0.175	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Intradaily variability	0.483	-0.02 [-0.06–0.02]	0.327	-0.04 [-0.08–0.01]	0.139	0.723	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Level
Mean melEDI	<0.001	×1.18 [1.11–1.26]	<0.001	×1.15 [1.07–1.25]	0.002	0.032	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Brightest 10 h mean	0.011	×1.24 [1.13–1.36]	<0.001	×1.24 [1.11–1.39]	0.001	0.325	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Darkest 10 h mean	<0.001	×1.09 [1.03–1.14]	0.002	×1.04 [0.97–1.11]	0.400	<0.001	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Duration
Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	0.071	×1.21 [1.13–1.29]	<0.001	×1.03 [0.94–1.12]	0.769	0.053	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake	0.007	×1.14 [1.07–1.20]	<0.001	×1.12 [1.04–1.20]	0.013	0.053	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 737
Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep	0.049	-0.13 [-0.20–-0.07] h	<0.001	0.00 [-0.09–0.09] h	0.962	0.040	n_participants = 139; n_{participant-days} = 655
Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep	0.058	×0.99 [0.97–1.01]	0.227	×1.00 [0.97–1.02]	0.903	0.043	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 778
Longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	0.398	×1.12 [1.07–1.19]	<0.001	×1.06 [0.99–1.13]	0.139	0.626	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Timing
Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours	<0.001	0.05 [-0.05–0.15] h	0.305	0.19 [0.06–0.32] h	0.013	0.010	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours	0.020	-0.15 [-0.25–-0.05] h	0.004	0.12 [-0.00–0.24] h	0.114	0.043	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 816
Mean timing of exposure above 250 lx melEDI	<0.001	0.12 [0.03–0.21] h	0.013	0.33 [0.21–0.46] h	<0.001	<0.001	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 742
First light timing above 250 lx melEDI	0.112	-0.10 [-0.25–0.05] h	0.227	0.02 [-0.17–0.21] h	0.903	0.077	n_participants = 140; n_{participant-days} = 727
Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI	<0.001	0.32 [0.19–0.46] h	<0.001	0.46 [0.27–0.64] h	<0.001	<0.001	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 687
Exposure history
melEDI dose	0.209	×1.28 [1.17–1.39]	<0.001	×1.02 [0.91–1.13]	0.903	0.156	n_participants = 141; n_{participant-days} = 761
Spectrum
Melanopic daylight efficacy ratio	<0.001	0.02 [0.02–0.03]	<0.001	-0.01 [-0.02–-0.00]	0.013	0.010	n_participants = 137; n_{participant-days} = 702
This summary combines the model-level decisions, photoperiod and latitude associations, 95% CIs, and exact fitted samples. Each displayed p-value is FDR-adjusted within its explicitly labelled complete 17-test family; bold values meet the FDR-adjusted p < 0.050 rule. Full raw p-values and test statistics remain in the detailed tables below. Exact fitted samples use italic n with participant and participant-day subscripts. For the 15 participant-day models, the participant-day count equals the number of fitted observations. The two participant-level dynamics models use one fitted observation per participant and retain the participant-day count as contributing repeated-day support. All models include nine sites.

Supplementary Table S7. Overall-site, civil-photoperiod and absolute-latitude associations for the 17 near-eye personal light-exposure metrics. Each displayed p value is FDR-adjusted within its stated 17-test family. Site and latitude were evaluated in separate models because absolute latitude is fixed within and confounded with study site.

Supplementary Table S8. Nonlinear civil-photoperiod classifications

	Qualifying transition	Qualifying transition bracket (h)	Endpoint derivative	Interpretation
Light level
Mean melEDI	Yes	16.10–16.20	0.008 (95% CI -0.111 to 0.127)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
Brightest 10 h mean	Yes	15.17–15.27	0.059 (95% CI -0.083 to 0.201)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
Darkest 10 h mean	Yes	14.86–14.96	-0.086 (95% CI -0.216 to 0.044)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
Duration and continuous period
Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	Yes	14.86–14.96	0.098 (95% CI -0.176 to 0.371)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake	Yes	14.35–14.45	0.060 (95% CI -0.159 to 0.279)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep	No	Not applicable	-0.085 (95% CI -0.154 to -0.016)	No preceding detected increase
Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep	No	Not applicable	0.062 (95% CI -0.042 to 0.165)	No preceding detected increase
Longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	No	Not applicable	0.041 (95% CI 0.025 to 0.058)	Increase remained detected at the recorded maximum
Exposure history
melEDI dose	Yes	14.24–14.35	0.070 (95% CI -0.069 to 0.209)	Detected increase followed by a sustained zero-compatible tail
A ‘Yes’ is the formal derivative-defined classification: the immediately preceding point has an interval wholly above zero, the next contains zero, and every later interval through the recorded maximum remains zero-compatible. Endpoint derivatives and 95% confidence intervals are on each model’s linear-predictor scale, in model-scale units per hour of civil photoperiod.

Supplementary Table S8. Derivative-based classifications for nine near-eye personal light-exposure metrics across the observed civil-photoperiod range. A qualifying transition required the preceding fitted-slope interval to be wholly above zero, the next interval to include zero and every later interval through the recorded maximum to remain zero-compatible. These classifications are descriptive and do not identify a physiological or environmental ceiling.

Supplementary Table S9. Participant-hour routine associations

Predictor	Ratio (95% CI)	FDR-adjusted p
Free day versus work day	1.45 × (1.14–1.85)	0.004
Active versus sedentary	2.06 × (1.54–2.76)	<0.001
Previous sleep duration (per hour)	0.98 × (0.85–1.12)	0.745
Directions are free versus work day, active versus sedentary day status, and the ratio per one additional hour of previous sleep. Participant-cluster-robust 95% CIs use HC3 with 137 participants. The three p-values form one FDR-adjusted family; the null ratio is 1.

Supplementary Table S9. Common-association estimates from the participant-hour analysis of Free versus Work day, Active versus Sedentary daily activity status and each additional hour of previous-night sleep duration. Ratios and participant-cluster-robust 95% confidence intervals come from the fixed-site model; the three p values form one FDR-adjusted family. Predictor-by-site differences are shown in Supplementary Figure S13.

Supplementary Table S10. Person-level evidence synthesis

	Scale	Result	FDR family	Decision	Sample	Qualification
Light-exposure behaviour and awareness	Metric associations per participant-level factor SD	None retained; 4 cells were unfit for inference	68 factor-by-metric tests	None retained	Metric-specific samples in Supplementary Table S11	Non-retention is inconclusive rather than evidence of no association.
Visual light sensitivity	Metric associations per VLSQ-8 SD	Melanopic EDI dose ratio: 0.846 (0.716 to 0.999)	9 metric tests	None retained; dose adjusted p = 0.160	141 participants; 761 participant-days; 9 sites	Confidence intervals and FDR decisions are separate summaries.
Corrected midsleep on free days	Timing per one-hour later corrected midsleep	First light timing above 250 lx melEDI: 0.381 (0.146 to 0.616) h; Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours: 0.276 (0.118 to 0.435) h; Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours: 0.205 (0.045 to 0.366) h	5 MCTQ timing outcomes	3 associations retained	139 to 140 participants; 722 to 810 participant-days; 9 sites	The two chronotype instruments are analysed separately; associations do not identify causal direction.
Morningness-eveningness preference	Timing per 10 points greater morning preference	First light timing above 250 lx melEDI: -0.444 (-0.699 to -0.189) h; Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours: -0.314 (-0.487 to -0.142) h; Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours: -0.278 (-0.451 to -0.105) h	5 MEQ timing outcomes	3 associations retained	140 to 141 participants; 727 to 816 participant-days; 9 sites	The two chronotype instruments are analysed separately; associations do not identify causal direction.
Age	Metric associations per 10 years	Brightest 10 h mean: 1.31× (1.09–1.58); Time above 1,000 lx melEDI: 1.27× (1.11–1.45); melEDI dose: 1.31× (1.09–1.56)	17 near-eye metric tests	3 associations retained	141 participants; 761 to 816 participant-days; 9 sites	Cross-sectional associations may reflect cohort, occupation, behaviour or other confounding.
Metric-level biological sex	Female minus Male	None retained	17 near-eye metric tests	None retained	Metric-specific samples in Supplementary Table S14	Biological sex and gender were recorded separately; gender was not analysed.
Biological-sex-specific daily curve	Complete curve and activity-complete sensitivity	Complete available-data curve: FDR-adjusted p = 0.028. Activity-complete adjusted curve: exploratory global curve not supported.	Global complete-curve tests and separate sensitivity decisions	Analysis-specific global decisions	141 participants; 816 participant-days; 9 sites; 37,756 observations	Restriction and activity adjustment cannot be disentangled as mechanisms. Clock-specific intervals are pointwise.

Supplementary Table S10. Summary of person-level results in the near-eye analyses. Each row identifies the analysis-specific FDR-correction set or decision structure applied to that result. Results that did not meet the applicable FDR criterion are inconclusive rather than evidence of no association. Four light-behaviour sleep-environment cells were unfit for inference. The two chronotype instruments were analysed separately. Biological sex and gender were recorded separately; gender was not analysed. The complete available-data curve difference was attenuated and not retained in the activity-complete near-eye analysis.

Supplementary Table S11. Light-exposure behaviour and awareness

	F2	F3	F4	F5
Interdaily stability	OR 1.028 (0.956–1.106) Raw p = 0.445; FDR-adjusted p = 0.658	OR 0.931 (0.868–0.999) Raw p = 0.042; FDR-adjusted p = 0.260	OR 0.975 (0.906–1.050) Raw p = 0.489; FDR-adjusted p = 0.679	OR 1.089 (1.011–1.174) Raw p = 0.021; FDR-adjusted p = 0.202
Intradaily variability	-0.057 (-0.124–+0.009) Raw p = 0.083; FDR-adjusted p = 0.351	-0.001 (-0.068–+0.065) Raw p = 0.971; FDR-adjusted p = 0.978	+0.001 (-0.068–+0.069) Raw p = 0.978; FDR-adjusted p = 0.978	+0.057 (-0.013–+0.127) Raw p = 0.099; FDR-adjusted p = 0.362
Mean melEDI	×1.092 (0.965–1.235) Raw p = 0.150; FDR-adjusted p = 0.379	×0.917 (0.813–1.034) Raw p = 0.146; FDR-adjusted p = 0.379	×0.891 (0.787–1.009) Raw p = 0.060; FDR-adjusted p = 0.313	×0.941 (0.827–1.070) Raw p = 0.336; FDR-adjusted p = 0.585
Brightest 10 h mean	×1.204 (1.008–1.439) Raw p = 0.035; FDR-adjusted p = 0.260	×0.888 (0.745–1.058) Raw p = 0.169; FDR-adjusted p = 0.384	×0.906 (0.756–1.087) Raw p = 0.272; FDR-adjusted p = 0.545	×0.931 (0.772–1.123) Raw p = 0.436; FDR-adjusted p = 0.658
Darkest 10 h mean	×0.995 (0.905–1.094) Raw p = 0.917; FDR-adjusted p = 0.958	×0.956 (0.871–1.049) Raw p = 0.322; FDR-adjusted p = 0.577	×0.921 (0.838–1.013) Raw p = 0.080; FDR-adjusted p = 0.351	×0.970 (0.879–1.070) Raw p = 0.526; FDR-adjusted p = 0.716
Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	×1.234 (1.084–1.405) Raw p = 0.002; FDR-adjusted p = 0.124	×0.895 (0.785–1.020) Raw p = 0.097; FDR-adjusted p = 0.362	×0.911 (0.797–1.043) Raw p = 0.178; FDR-adjusted p = 0.390	×0.831 (0.725–0.953) Raw p = 0.009; FDR-adjusted p = 0.169
Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake	×1.122 (1.006–1.252) Raw p = 0.041; FDR-adjusted p = 0.260	×0.907 (0.814–1.010) Raw p = 0.075; FDR-adjusted p = 0.351	×0.953 (0.852–1.065) Raw p = 0.397; FDR-adjusted p = 0.614	×0.946 (0.843–1.061) Raw p = 0.345; FDR-adjusted p = 0.586
Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep	-0.005 h (-0.135–+0.124 h) Raw p = 0.930; FDR-adjusted p = 0.958	+0.052 h (-0.073–+0.177 h) Raw p = 0.392; FDR-adjusted p = 0.614	+0.028 h (-0.104–+0.159 h) Raw p = 0.654; FDR-adjusted p = 0.781	-0.031 h (-0.167–+0.105 h) Raw p = 0.646; FDR-adjusted p = 0.781
Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep	Unfit for inference Estimate and p-values suppressed from the reader display	Unfit for inference Estimate and p-values suppressed from the reader display	Unfit for inference Estimate and p-values suppressed from the reader display	Unfit for inference Estimate and p-values suppressed from the reader display
Longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	×1.117 (1.007–1.238) Raw p = 0.031; FDR-adjusted p = 0.260	×0.924 (0.835–1.023) Raw p = 0.117; FDR-adjusted p = 0.375	×0.933 (0.840–1.037) Raw p = 0.185; FDR-adjusted p = 0.393	×0.945 (0.847–1.053) Raw p = 0.287; FDR-adjusted p = 0.557
Associations are reported per one participant-level SD of the LEBA score with 95% CIs. Raw p has no separate bolding rule; FDR-adjusted p is bold only at alpha = 0.050 across all 68 tests. Sleep-environment cells are unfit for inference and suppressed.

	F2	F3	F4	F5
Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours	+0.049 h (-0.132–+0.229 h) Raw p = 0.584; FDR-adjusted p = 0.747	+0.133 h (-0.042–+0.309 h) Raw p = 0.124; FDR-adjusted p = 0.375	+0.030 h (-0.153–+0.213 h) Raw p = 0.740; FDR-adjusted p = 0.868	-0.083 h (-0.270–+0.105 h) Raw p = 0.371; FDR-adjusted p = 0.601
Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours	-0.136 h (-0.317–+0.044 h) Raw p = 0.127; FDR-adjusted p = 0.375	+0.080 h (-0.097–+0.258 h) Raw p = 0.358; FDR-adjusted p = 0.594	-0.020 h (-0.204–+0.164 h) Raw p = 0.825; FDR-adjusted p = 0.935	+0.132 h (-0.056–+0.320 h) Raw p = 0.156; FDR-adjusted p = 0.379
Mean timing of exposure above 250 lx melEDI	+0.020 h (-0.152–+0.192 h) Raw p = 0.819; FDR-adjusted p = 0.935	+0.086 h (-0.081–+0.253 h) Raw p = 0.295; FDR-adjusted p = 0.558	-0.097 h (-0.267–+0.074 h) Raw p = 0.247; FDR-adjusted p = 0.510	-0.166 h (-0.339–+0.008 h) Raw p = 0.053; FDR-adjusted p = 0.301
First light timing above 250 lx melEDI	-0.219 h (-0.489–+0.052 h) Raw p = 0.101; FDR-adjusted p = 0.362	+0.324 h (+0.062–+0.585 h) Raw p = 0.013; FDR-adjusted p = 0.179	+0.019 h (-0.252–+0.291 h) Raw p = 0.887; FDR-adjusted p = 0.958	-0.097 h (-0.380–+0.185 h) Raw p = 0.486; FDR-adjusted p = 0.679
Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI	+0.308 h (+0.043–+0.573 h) Raw p = 0.020; FDR-adjusted p = 0.202	-0.066 h (-0.328–+0.196 h) Raw p = 0.615; FDR-adjusted p = 0.760	-0.011 h (-0.280–+0.259 h) Raw p = 0.927; FDR-adjusted p = 0.958	-0.081 h (-0.361–+0.200 h) Raw p = 0.558; FDR-adjusted p = 0.743
melEDI dose	×1.278 (1.079–1.514) Raw p = 0.004; FDR-adjusted p = 0.124	×0.885 (0.748–1.048) Raw p = 0.143; FDR-adjusted p = 0.379	×0.872 (0.732–1.038) Raw p = 0.112; FDR-adjusted p = 0.375	×0.881 (0.736–1.054) Raw p = 0.153; FDR-adjusted p = 0.379
Melanopic daylight efficacy ratio	+0.004 (-0.011–+0.019) Raw p = 0.586; FDR-adjusted p = 0.747	-0.004 (-0.019–+0.011) Raw p = 0.593; FDR-adjusted p = 0.747	-0.010 (-0.026–+0.005) Raw p = 0.162; FDR-adjusted p = 0.380	-0.020 (-0.035–-0.004) Raw p = 0.010; FDR-adjusted p = 0.169
Associations are reported per one participant-level SD of the LEBA score with 95% CIs. Raw p has no separate bolding rule; FDR-adjusted p is bold only at alpha = 0.050 across all 68 tests. Sleep-environment cells are unfit for inference and suppressed.

Supplementary Table S12. Visual light sensitivity

Metric	Scale	Association per VLSQ-8 SD (95% CI)	Raw p	FDR-adjusted p	Participants / participant-days / sites
Mean melEDI	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.915 (0.811–1.031)	0.147	0.221	141 / 816 / 9
Brightest 10 h mean	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.851 (0.716–1.013)	0.071	0.160	141 / 816 / 9
Darkest 10 h mean	Ratio (percentage change)	×1.024 (0.934–1.123)	0.612	0.689	141 / 816 / 9
Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.876 (0.765–1.002)	0.056	0.160	141 / 816 / 9
Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.900 (0.806–1.005)	0.063	0.160	141 / 737 / 9
Time below 10 lx melEDI before sleep	Difference in hours	+0.063 h (-0.062–+0.188 h)	0.328	0.422	139 / 655 / 9
Time below 1 lx melEDI during sleep	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.998 (0.964–1.033)	0.903	0.903	141 / 778 / 9
Longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.917 (0.828–1.014)	0.093	0.167	141 / 816 / 9
melEDI dose	Ratio (percentage change)	×0.846 (0.716–0.999)	0.051	0.160	141 / 761 / 9
Associations compare scores separated by one participant-level SD (5.540 VLSQ-8 points). The hour-scale row is an absolute difference; ratio rows can be read as percentage changes. Intervals are two-sided 95% Wald CIs. FDR adjustment is across all nine metrics; adjusted p-values would be bold at 0.050.

Supplementary Table S13. Chronotype and timing

Metric	Instrument	Signed association, h (95% CI)	Raw p	FDR-adjusted p	Fitted sample: participants / days / observations / hours / sites
Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours	MCTQ MSFsc	+0.205 (+0.045 to +0.366)	0.010	0.017	140 / 810 / 810 / 18711.7 h / 9
Midpoint of the brightest 10 hours	MEQ	-0.278 (-0.451 to -0.105)	0.001	0.002	141 / 816 / 816 / 18851.0 h / 9
Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours	MCTQ MSFsc	+0.276 (+0.118 to +0.435)	<0.001	0.003	140 / 810 / 810 / 18711.7 h / 9
Midpoint of the darkest 10 hours	MEQ	-0.314 (-0.487 to -0.142)	<0.001	0.001	141 / 816 / 816 / 18851.0 h / 9
First light timing above 250 lx melEDI	MCTQ MSFsc	+0.381 (+0.146 to +0.616)	0.001	0.003	139 / 722 / 722 / 16716.3 h / 9
First light timing above 250 lx melEDI	MEQ	-0.444 (-0.699 to -0.189)	<0.001	0.001	140 / 727 / 727 / 16832.5 h / 9
Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI	MCTQ MSFsc	-0.025 (-0.264 to +0.214)	0.811	0.811	140 / 683 / 683 / 15900.8 h / 9
Last light timing above 250 lx melEDI	MEQ	+0.029 (-0.236 to +0.294)	0.814	0.814	141 / 687 / 687 / 15995.0 h / 9
Midpoint of the longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	MCTQ MSFsc	+0.161 (-0.113 to +0.434)	0.227	0.284	131 / 478 / 478 / 11325.5 h / 9
Midpoint of the longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	MEQ	-0.228 (-0.521 to +0.064)	0.108	0.135	132 / 482 / 482 / 11419.8 h / 9
MCTQ associations are per one-hour later MSFsc; MEQ associations are per 10 points greater morning preference. Positive associations indicate later timing and negative associations earlier. Intervals are 95% Wald CIs. Raw p-values are bold when raw p < 0.050; adjusted p-values are bold when FDR-adjusted p < 0.050 within the instrument-specific five-outcome family.

Supplementary Table S14. Age and biological sex

Placement and role	Predictor	Metric	Practical association (95% CI)	Raw p	FDR-adjusted p	Sample
Near eye (primary)	Age, per 10 years	Brightest 10 h mean	1.31× (1.09–1.58)	0.003	0.018	141 participants; 816 participant-days/observations
Near eye (primary)	Age, per 10 years	Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	1.27× (1.11–1.45)	<0.001	0.009	141 participants; 816 participant-days/observations
Near eye (primary)	Age, per 10 years	melEDI dose	1.31× (1.09–1.56)	0.003	0.018	141 participants; 761 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	Mean melEDI	1.16× (1.04–1.30)	0.006	0.017	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	Brightest 10 h mean	1.35× (1.15–1.57)	<0.001	<0.001	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	Time above 1,000 lx melEDI	1.31× (1.18–1.46)	<0.001	<0.001	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	Time above 250 lx melEDI during wake	1.16× (1.06–1.26)	0.001	0.004	154 participants; 818 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	Longest continuous period above 250 lx melEDI	1.18× (1.09–1.27)	<0.001	<0.001	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Age, per 10 years	melEDI dose	1.40× (1.21–1.61)	<0.001	<0.001	154 participants; 851 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Measured biological sex, Female minus Male	Mean melEDI	0.74× (0.60–0.92)	0.006	0.048	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Chest (complementary)	Measured biological sex, Female minus Male	Darkest 10 h mean	0.76× (0.65–0.90)	<0.001	0.016	154 participants; 902 participant-days/observations
Associations are site-adjusted estimates per 10-year age increase or Female minus Male. Ratios are back-transformed to the practical scale. Each FDR-adjusted p-value belongs to its sensor-position- and predictor-specific complete 17-test family; bold values meet the FDR-adjusted p < 0.050 rule. Samples give the exact fitted participants and participant-day observations for these retained daily-response results.

Supplementary Table S15. Biological-sex-specific daily curves

	Role	Test	F statistic	Numerator df	Denominator df	Raw p	FDR-adjusted p	Support
Near eye	Primary	Complete Female-minus-Male 24-hour curve	20.946	9.692	131	0.028	0.028	Supported
Chest	Complementary	Complete Female-minus-Male 24-hour curve	4.876	1.003	152	0.029	0.029	Supported
Primary near-eye fitted sample: 141 participants, 816 participant-days, 37,756 30-minute observations, and 9 sites. Complementary chest fitted sample: 154 participants, 902 participant-days, 41,842 30-minute observations, and 8 sites.
Each row is one joint complete-curve test. Raw p is bold at raw p < 0.050; FDR-adjusted p is bold independently at adjusted p < 0.050. Each labelled global family contains one test, so the stored raw and adjusted values coincide.